one should go through the process of getting to know each other irst informally Many Filipino intellectuals, notably the two Philippine heroes Jose Rizal and Apolinario Mabini, expressed dissatisfaction at the pejorative interpretations of Filipino behavior by Western observers. Utang na loob is a It is the profound deep inner feeling that fuels all pertinent deeds. hegemonic discourse by using discourse analysis in the context of a postmodern This was the time of the First Quarter Storm in the Academe responded to this call by trying to make the university more relevant to the interest of the common tao (people or mass). (post colonial) perspective. We put forward now that what is generally considered as universal psychology is based on the psychology of industrialized and developed countries of the West. held at the Abelardo Auditorium at U. at Temple University in Pennsylvania. Psychology and Philosophy as universal disciplines. The second level underscored the socio-economic and political roots of the problem and their consequences on the childs rights and welfare (Protacio-Marcelino, 1985). Other so-called core values of Indigenous Filipino Psychology are either essentially related or mere derivatives of these three. Protacio-Marcelino (1996) responded to these points in her Ph.D. dissertation on ethnicity and identity issues of second generation Filipino-Americans by stressing that indeed Filipino-Americans are not Filipino they are both Filipino and American. assessment of the Filipino personality. Pilipinos understanding of pakikipagkuwentuhan (story-telling) as consistent with important issue towards the end of this article. development, however, she decried the tendency of local test users to use foreign- and external aspects of hiya. coincided with the birth of scientiic psychology (German tradition) in 1876, and the ridiculed), discovery of indigenous concepts, opportunities for creative discussions, You remind me that there is always more to come and that this journey of growth never truly ends. It is not necessarily a burden as the word debt connotes, because in the Filipino pattern of interpersonal relations, there is always an opportunity to return a favor. But if you have pakikiramdam, you can tell from their body language or the tone of their voice that the participation they will show is half-baked, thus not valid. Guanzon (1985) also noted the phenomenon of measures being locally developed particularly in the area of personality measurement. management, structure of the questions, interpretation without their being aware Cultural revalidation is a better term for it, as Enriquez (1992) suggested. He made signiicant contributions to Sikolohiyang the predisposition to indirectness of Filipino communication was regarded as being will jeopardize the situation of the people, then it should not be continued. Obviously, Tagalog holds importance for those living in the Tagalog region. obtained from them. Today, a large percentage of classes at the From these researches, a Adhering to a philosophy of Sikolohiyang Pilipino being liberated and liberating, he eliminated its bondage to the Western perspective, not only in theory and method but in practice. Enriquez, on the other hand, called Salazars (1991) pantayong pananaw (the insider view representing us tayo and excluding them sila) as unabashedly emic. recognized and respected. These issues are not new and have actually been addressed indigenization which is based largely on simple translation of concepts, methods, (Psychology 108) was concerned. Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology) refers to the psychology born out of the experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino culture and language. The late Virgilio Enriquez explained kapwa as the unity of the one-of-us- and-the-other and upheld that it entailed moral and normative elements that mandated people to treat one another as fellow human being, and therefore as equal, a perspective certainly inconsistent with exploitative or abusive human interactions. Initial work on developing Sikolohiyang Pilipino concentrated on a type of indigenization which is based largely on simple translation of concepts, methods, theories and measures into Filipino. It is thusconcerned with proper applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, andother spheres of people's daily life. After Enriquez arrived from the United States in 1971, he embarked on a full-scale effort translating psychological materials into Filipino. . contribution or even proof that such knowledge exists in any given culture. (c) Ethnic psychology Major basis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino for integrating This is fundamentally the American-oriented Western psychology being studied in the Philippines. The dichotomy of the One-of-us and the Outsider categories reflects a value for defining membership in a group which determines the boundaries or the extent of allowable behavior for a person. for the exploitation of the masses. This disenchantment continued as Filipinos struggled to assert their national and cultural identity. from a Filipino perspective (Enriquez, 1975). She noted that these emphatic feeling for another andskill in sizing up each other involved in pakiramdam were active emotional processes that involved great attention to subtle cues. In terms of areas of protest, Sikolohiyang Pilipino is against a psychology that perpetuates the colonial status of the Filipino mind. It is a shared feeling, a kind of emotional a priori. It aims to establish a truly universal Using the same principles of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, social and clinical psychologists (U. The Sikolohiyang Pilipino perspective interprets bahala na diferently. tendency for Sikolohiyang Pilipino to gloss over negative aspects of Philippine So, the students and Pe-Pua immediately worked at gathering these materials, reproducing them and binding them into one volume (Enriquez, 1992). (psyche), which in Filipino directly refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the which is at the core of Filipino social psychology, and which is at the heart of the to the Filipinos, but this is something researchers should be conscious of when As stated earlier Sikolohiyang Filipino has become a breakthrough to world psychology. approach (without any one of them neglecting or emphasizing only one approach) phenomenological orientation is not scientiic and cannot pass the scientiic Thus, she advocates a critical perspective of culture and psychology that looks into the dimensions of power and how this influences the articulation of concepts and theories in psychology. He maintained that Filipino-Americans are Filipinos because some aspects of their identity and cultural experiences are still Filipino (Enriquez, 1994). number of researchers doing studies on the Filipino child and the Filipino adolescent. Enriquez on the basic principles of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, especially the importance Rather, they are telling themselves that they are Significant among these is the issue of Filipino-Americans. A combination of indigenous psychology, psychology of the Filipinos and practice of the psychology by the Filipinos. He therefore also questions Sikolohiyang Pilipinos methodology and practice and traces the problem to Sikolohiyang Pilipinos underlying philosophy (Tangco, 1998). It also became home to research with a Filipino perspective; as well as an abode to individuals inspired by Enriquezs enthusiasm, who eventually made their own contribution to the growth of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. On the mentalism-behaviorism issue, Sikolohiyang Pilipino admits both but with lesser emphasis on individual experience and with greater emphasis on the collective experience of a people with a common bond of history. It was in the early 1970s that This makes them insiders to a significant extent. At the graduate level, the Filipino language has been preponderantly used, both in teaching and research. Bahala Na. She proposes to de-construct the hegemonic discourse by using discourse analysis in the context of a postmodern (post colonial) perspective. The Filipino is a blend of East and West. Their The Philippine experience has proven that approaching psychology using these models cannot encompass the subtleties of Asian cultures. SP should focus on the lived experiences of people immersed in Philippine life and culture. postgraduate training in Europe. As such, it includes in its study the IKSP of healing from the babaylan and arbolaryos (native shamans and healers), as well as the religio-political approaches of Filipino mystics and folk heroes, and other ancestral ways of knowing. The conferences and seminars he initiated generated a wealth of information and experiences exchanged among scholars. This driving emotional force triggers the spontaneous voluntary actions that come with the sharing of the self (pakikipagkapwa). Sikolohiyang Filipino is rooted in the common experience, history, language, and arts of the people of the Malay-Polynesian and Asian heritage. From these researches, a two-volume bibliography on Filipino psychology and a locally developed personality test, Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (Measure of Character and Personality), were produced. considers the similarity of observations of phenomena and diverse cultural According to her, culture is not given nor static. For Salazar (1991), Filipino- Americans are not Filipinos meanings of the word hiya depending on its form nakakahiya (embarrassing), process of writing his Ph. However, Association for Filipino Psychology), as well as several monographs by the PPRTH. should be made to adapt to existing cultural norms. measurement in the Philippines. value; pakikiramdam (shared inner perception) as pivotal interpersonal value; pakikipagkuwentuhan of the 1980s to that of the 1990s and corrected the Your comments, suggestions,queries, and other concernsare welcome here. For him, what is important is the immediate application It is a beautiful element of Filipino interpersonal relationships that binds a person to his or her home community or home country. 4. One simply has to recognize, appreciate and emphasize identifying indigenous concepts and approaches in Philippine psychology and the Sikolohiyang Pilipino: As kapwa psychology, it (Sikolohiyang Pilipino) is an orientationan enduring worldview that links to the cultural heritage of indigenous Filipino people and their IKSP (Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices). He started preparing for the teaching of psychology in Filipino, and had a number of discussions (and arguments) with friends and professors at Northwestern University such as Ernesto Kole, Lee Sechrest and Donald Campbell. For example, if the publication of the research report will jeopardize the situation of the people, then it should not be continued. from a local or a foreign perspective). The person helped then feels an obligation to repay the debt in the future when the helper himself (sic) is in need of aid, or he (sic) may repay his debt by sending gifts. It is thus concerned with proper applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, and other spheres of peoples daily life. (There are many other examples which are discussed further in this article.) There is also practical work currently going on in the area of feminist psychology. Answer 26 people found it helpful smuelcamp68 Answer: The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to foster national identity and consciousness, social involvement, and psychology of language and culture. It is thus concerned with proper applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, and other spheres of people's daily life. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is based on "assessing historical and socio-cultural realities, understanding the local language, unraveling Filipino characteristics, and explaining them through the eyes of the native Filipino" (Pe-Pua and Protacio-Marcelino, 2000, p. 1). Many Filipino intellectuals, particularly in the area of personality measurement. needs to be confronted. Third, the welfare of the research participants take precedence over the data They may be outsiders to everyday Philippine experience but they still possess some critical elements of Philippine life and culture as transmitted by their parents and reinforced by their regular visits to the Philippines. The greatest difficulty during the first semester was the lack of a textbook. situation. currently doing a three-year research project commissioned by the Education for The beginnings of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology). Hongkong. status of psychology in the Philippines. of speciic products and understanding consumer behavior. The irst faculty member to teach the course was Jose Ma. embarrassment). asserts that there is a hegemonic type of consciousness present in culture that With the death of Enriquez, however, only one has managed to continue with its activities and this is the association in San Francisco, California. What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino thought and experience as understood from a Filipino perspective (Enriquez, 1975). Filipino-Americans are not Filipinos since they are not legitimate culture bearers. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. able to present revisions and elaborations on the basic tenets of Sikolohiyang For Salazar (1991), Filipino-Americans are not Filipinos since they are not legitimate culture bearers they were born in the United States, do not share the Philippine cultural experience, and hardly speak any Philippine language. It presents an alternative framework of looking at human behavior particularly in the context of non-Western cultures and identifies key concepts in understanding the Filipino's mind, personality, and behavior. As implied by the term itself, pakapa-kapa is an approach characterized by groping, searching and probing into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to obtain order, meaning and directions for research (Torres, 1982, p. 171). He discovered that it is not maintaining smooth interpersonal relationships that Filipinos are most concerned with, but pakikipagkapwa which means treating the other person as kapwa or fellow human being. country of psychologies developed in industrialized countries. and the measurement of abilities and aptitudes, and of deviant behavior. Bulatao (1978, cited in Enriquez, 1992), for example, made ), Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay, Enriquez embarked on a research into the historical and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology. language, history of psychology, and so on. language; (b) rational philosophy, the clerical tradition, phenomenology, Thomistic Then, the developing culture-fair models are tried, tested, and compared with standard methods and theories in psychology. Grace Orteza has improved on Sikolohiyang Theoretical and scientific issues are discussed, as well as social and political issues, psychologies in contact, the etic and emic issue, and the extent to which psychology in the Third World is international or Western. the classroom from grade school to high school. Mansalay Share this: Enriquez (1992) also explored the idea of a great cultural divide in the analysis of Filipino personality. The first two dissertations, defended in May 1990, were by Danilo Tuazon (on brain lateralization) and Grace Aguiling-Dalisay (on the concept of peace among children). 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