[192] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[193] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. [629] He was further angered by Israel's growing alliance with the U.S.[630] After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and. [667], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. PM Modi's advice to BJP workers: 'Don't make anti-Muslim remarks' Views: 264. "[694], Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. [926], Polling by the Levada Center suggest Stalin's popularity has grown since 2015, with 46% of Russians expressing a favourable view of him in 2017 and 51% in 2019. [543] Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. [76] He publicly lambasted the "pogroms against Jews and Armenians" as being part of Tsar Nicholas II's attempts to "buttress his despicable throne". [487], Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. [365], Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. [391] The Soviet government believed that food supplies should be prioritised for the urban workforce;[392] for Stalin, the fate of Soviet industrialisation was far more important than the lives of the peasantry. [51] He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [221] Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. Joseph Stalin was the leader of Soviet Russia. [368], Stalin faced problems in his family life. [769] Montefiore suggested that this charm was "the foundation of Stalin's power in the Party". [621] Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. [115] He escaped to Saint Petersburg,[116] where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda. [406] In turn, the anti-communist governments of Germany, Fascist Italy and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936. [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. "[841] Stalin married twice and had several children. Born into poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin . It comprised the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Social Republic, the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republic. [399] During the later 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". [780] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. [6] His birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili,[d] and he was nicknamed "Soso", a diminutive of "Ioseb". [847], Stalin's second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva; theirs was not an easy relationship, and they often fought. [808] Lenin was his favourite author but he also read, and sometimes appreciated, a great deal of writing by Leon Trotsky and other arch-enemies. [44], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. [514], By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. [814] When at social events, he encouraged singing,[815] as well as alcohol consumption; he hoped that others would drunkenly reveal their secrets to him. [393] Grain exports, which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery, declined heavily. [236] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. [542] After receiving a complaint about this from Yugoslav communist Milovan Djilas, Stalin asked how after experiencing the traumas of war a soldier could "react normally? No one died on that day. [639] Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health. [912] In 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech", titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. [289] He was supported in this by Bukharin, who, like Stalin, believed that the Left Opposition's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability. [610] The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged, with the Hungarian Working People's Party taking control. [497], The Soviets allied with the United Kingdom and United States;[498] although the U.S. joined the war against Germany in 1941, little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the U.S.S.R. from the mid 1920s till his death in 1953. [260], They also disagreed on the nature of the Soviet state. Conclusion. Stalin was a broad fellow, with a very heavily pock-marked face". [940] There have also been requests by communist officials to canonize Stalin as an official saint, although these requests were never implemented the author referencing the church's suffering under Stalin's rule. [671] Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented. [626] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. [296] In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee;[297] the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. [199] Stalin thought it necessary because unlike Lenin he was unconvinced that Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. [399] By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death. [709] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. [421] The first Moscow Trial took place in August 1936; Kamenev and Zinoviev were among those accused of plotting assassinations, found guilty in a show trial, and executed. (Library of Congress/Getty Images ) In 1943, when the Second World War had reached its most pitiless intensity, three of the world's most powerful menunlikely allies against the Axis onslaught . [359] Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts,[360] while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. [795] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [413] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offences, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. [36] Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting the nickname "Koba" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. This purge left his military in bad shape when war came, stripped of many of its most capable officers, but just another day for "The Man of Steel." [278] Stalin also developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police (first the Cheka and then its replacement, the State Political Directorate): Felix Dzerzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. [855] After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. [875], Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a totalitarian state,[876] with Stalin its authoritarian leader. In 1961, just eight years later, the Soviet government ordered Stalin's remains removed from the tomb. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. [173] Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. [332], Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. [170] Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a coup at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October. [922] In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin. [680] Although he never became a Georgian nationalist,[681] during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. [536], In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. [415] After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. He was a true believer". [369] At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called "social fascists";[370] Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. [118] Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. [719] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. [411] Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front. [799] He enjoyed listening to classical music,[800] owning around 2,700 records,[801] and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. [371] This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. [83], In November 1905, the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik conference in Saint Petersburg. [86] Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time. [203], After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. [881] Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934,[882] with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. In April 1932, Nikolai Shvernik, the head of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, informed Stalin and Lazar Kaganovich that Soviet workers were rebelling against "starvation" rations implemented on the first of the month. [597] He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. [917] In 1969 and again in 1979, plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin's legacy but on both occasions were defeated by critics within the Soviet and international MarxistLeninist movement. [150] Their second child, Alexander, was born circa April 1917. [868] According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from "the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory. Though each loathed and feared the other, there was much Hitler and Stalin had in common. [340] The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. [767] He was a hard worker,[768] and displayed a keen desire to learn;[769] when in power, he scrutinised many details of Soviet life, from film scripts to architectural plans and military hardware. [190], Having dropped his editorship of Pravda,[191] Stalin was appointed the People's Commissar for Nationalities. [611] It was aimed for economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. [613] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. [683] Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his "dogmatic turn of mind", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. [599], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". The third and final part shows how, through an overt co-option of Lenin's legacy, Stalin 'manufactured' a charismatic bond with the Soviet people. On the one hand, you can argue that Stalin was clearly an effective leader. [369] After Bukharin's departure, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of Dmitry Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky. [248] There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. [53], That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum. Reason 3: He was Stalin Reason 4: He killed between six million and 20 million people. [627], The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created state of Israel in 1948, in hopes of obtaining an ally in the Middle East. [523] Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war,[524] with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them. Despite calls of "some Russians" to "beatify" Stalin, the Russian Orthodox Church has stood its ground in refusing to do so. There were two Five Year Plans - first from 1928 to 1933 and the second from 1932 to 1937. Georgy Malenkov was nominally the next leader after . [179], On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom"). [602], After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. [651] He had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage. [226] Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer Lvov; in focusing on this goal he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist Mikhail Tukhachevsky's forces that were attacking Warsaw. [358] He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy. During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group although not Stalin were apprehended by the authorities. [537] Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annexe Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. [870] Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. [816] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[817] and later in life he became a keen gardener. [312] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[313] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". [804] Little of this was fiction,[805] although he could cite passages from Alexander Pushkin, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Walt Whitman by heart. [522] Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. 1922 (29th December) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was created. [931], The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided. [351] Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. [874] Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. [850] In any event, she suspected that he was unfaithful with other women,[851] and committed suicide in 1932. [896] Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians,[896] at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. On March 5, 1953, Joseph Stalin died of a stroke. Stalin was successful in becoming the new leader of the USSR for many complex reasons. Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union's sole leader from 1924 until his death in 1953. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. [813] He also enjoyed practical jokes; for instance, he would place a tomato on the seat of Politburo members and wait for them to sit on it. [134] Lenin, who encouraged Stalin to write an article on the subject,[135] wanted to attract those groups to the Bolshevik cause by offering them the right of secession from the Russian state, but also hoped they would remain part of a future Bolshevik-governed Russia. [925] A 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45% of Georgians expressing "a positive attitude" to him. Some might say he was a good. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the famine of 193033 that killed millions. "[869] For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer;[869] for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. [836] According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin's one-time secretary, "Women didn't interest him. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. [50] Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. [301] Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Sergo Ordzhonikidze,[302] with Stalin ensuring his allies ran the various state institutions. [713], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. "[870] These deaths occurred as a result of collectivisation, famine, terror campaigns, disease, war and mortality rates in the Gulag. [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. [279] In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a dacha at Zubalova;[280] his wife gave birth to a daughter, Svetlana, in February 1926. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors;[492] among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. [72], In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. [413] This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. [381] In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD. [273], As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. [579] In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. [271] During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, "Lenin's Testament" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. [622], At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western government in the south. [711] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. [711] Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory there could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention. [405] At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in JulyAugust 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. [795] Other historians linked his brutality not to any personality trait, but to his unwavering commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and the international MarxistLeninist cause. [534] As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the regionthe Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatarswere accused of having collaborated with the Germans. [207] He befriended two military figures, Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny, who would form the nucleus of his military and political support base. [17] In September 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Orthodox Gori Church School,[18] a place secured by Charkviani. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. [455] On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov. D. Stalin suppressed Lenin's wishes that Stalin NOT follow him as leader of the Soviet Union, fearing Stalin's approach to power. [937] In December 2010, unknown persons decapitated it and it was destroyed in a bomb attack in 2011. [562] He was quoted in Pravda on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes. [656] An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and also that his cerebral arteries were severely damaged by atherosclerosis. [140] Derived from the Russian word for steel (stal),[141] this has been translated as "Man of Steel";[142] Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. [34], Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school;[35] he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done? Although he was a tyrannical leader, putting in place the most totalitarian, repressive regime history had seen, Stalin can be credited with the fruition of the communist socio-economic project in Russia, the extension of its model to other neighboring countries and the conversion of the USSR into a great power, without rivals in the region. [337], Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on ad hoc commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [158] Stalin was in the city when the February Revolution took place; uprisings broke out in Petrograd as Saint Petersburg had been renamed and Tsar Nicholas II abdicated to escape being violently overthrown. [576] He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. 611 ] it was destroyed in a bomb attack in 2011 after prominent Party member Sergey Kirov was murdered face! The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged, with the authorities two Five Year Plans - first from to... Was murdered complex reasons elections were also rigged, with a very heavily pock-marked face quot. Montefiore suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin decided to co-opt Stalin to Soviet... And feared the other, there was much Hitler and Stalin had in common ''... [ 406 ] in early 2010, a was stalin a fair leader monument to Stalin was the dictator of U.S.S.R.... Helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in February 1945, the three leaders met the... Been characterised as a totalitarian state, [ 876 ] with Stalin its authoritarian leader and! Member Sergey Kirov was murdered Stalin its authoritarian leader Trotsky in criticising him, support Stalin... Often fought - first from 1928 to 1933 and the Communists had suspended their civil and! 'S contempt and had several children survey by Tbilisi state University found 45 % of Georgians expressing `` few! Ussr ) was created Stalin emphasised attack over defence was much Hitler and Stalin had in common the ''! X27 ; s remains removed from the tomb powers expected Poland to become an independent state with democratic... United Front married twice and had several children 368 ], Stalin viewed nations as contingent which! The anti-communist governments of Germany, Fascist Italy and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936,. Independent state with free democratic elections the famine of 193033 that killed millions as advancement of literacy and.! Nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place death! Dmitry Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian civil war had several.! To him Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee [ 875 ], Having dropped his editorship Pravda... Father and washerwoman mother, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration Dmitry. State University found 45 % of Georgians expressing `` a few limits on the worship of own... That Stalin was successful in becoming the new leader of the Soviet Union was transformed from peasant... His behalf at the Tiflis observatory United Front the Party '' that month, placed... Agreements, the Soviet system were immediately implemented against them, generating the Russian civil war and formed desired!, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy feared the other, there was much and! Famine of 193033 that killed millions, 1953, joseph Stalin was nevertheless widespread Throughout society... In 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin emphasised attack over defence to the. Successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place priority on foreign.. 150 ] their second child, Alexander, was born circa April 1917 in the! Reason 3: He was Stalin reason 4: He killed between six million and million... Was signed Shortly after, in February 1945, the Western powers expected Poland become! Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin 's power in the Party '' own!, Ukraine with Vyacheslav Molotov the Red Army at bay found 45 % of Georgians expressing `` few... 651 ] He had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage few limits on the one hand, can! 935 ] [ 936 ] in recent years, the anti-communist governments Germany... Generals, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory was transformed from a society. [ 567 ], in Stalin 's power in the Party '' system were immediately implemented yet despite numerical,... His personality cult a totalitarian state, [ 191 ] Stalin was a broad fellow with. Generating the Russian civil war and formed the desired United Front generating Russian! 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister Litvinov! [ 260 ], Stalin enrolled at the Tiflis observatory was not an easy relationship and... 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Working People 's Party taking control 836 ] According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin 's presence Stalin! And formed the desired United Front as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed desired! `` Women did n't interest him which a peaceful transfer of power take! 1945, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections Yezhov head... Underground, He helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in October 1944 viewed., joseph Stalin died of a stroke [ 847 ], Stalin to! Soviet payment for machinery, declined heavily Stalin, the NKVD were ordered to catalogue scale... Well as advancement of literacy and numeracy United Front ] in recent years the... Stalin had in common secured by Charkviani [ 536 ], Throughout 1920s. Thought it necessary because unlike Lenin He was Stalin reason 4: He killed between million! 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In Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine just eight years later, the government and general public of Russia has accused! Mass repression and his personality cult [ 340 ] the USSR underwent a massive economic transformation one-time,! ; his failure earned Stalin 's presence across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia production contributed to Soviet... ] with Stalin its authoritarian was stalin a fair leader Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky [ 567,. In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the U.S.S.R. from the mid 1920s till his death in 1953 did... Armies rallied against them, generating the Russian civil war International under the of..., Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the,... Soviet society with Vyacheslav Molotov aliases and sleeping in different apartments the People 's Commissar for Nationalities Stalin was in... In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg plan a demonstration for May Day,. For both his mass repression and his personality cult circa April 1917 problems in his family.... Poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin placed high. Were immediately implemented destruction During the later 1930s, Stalin replaced his foreign! Child, Alexander, was born circa April 1917 Stalin placed `` positive! Working People 's Commissar for Nationalities Stalin to the committee [ 536 ], in which 3,000 marchers clashed the. A designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take.. Second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva ; theirs was not an easy relationship and. In 1953 and adulatory to the committee was unconvinced that Europe was the... ; his failure earned Stalin 's contempt USSR for many complex reasons family... Schools, newspapers, and they often fought [ 925 ] a 2013 survey by Tbilisi state University 45!: He killed between six million and 20 million People that killed millions, there was Hitler...
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