Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). In recognising this, the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust identifies and implements viable relief measures for different areas from the installation of boreholes where aquifers are in existence and the water table is high, to the transportation of water to remote areas and strategically positioned water troughs, along with long term solutions protecting important habitats and forests complimented by a robust reforestation program. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. Semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by seasonal variations in surface-water and vegetation resources, with several implications for herbivores, and ultimately their predators. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. It is located in rural area. The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. Many springs occur. Artesian pressure is being reduced, possibly due to over pumping. This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. Lions of the okavango delta. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Lake Chad A lower series of clays and sandstones in the southeast, and an upper series of sandstones in the west of the basin. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. Our results showed that lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant. Dots represent data outside this range. In contrast, analysis of faeces tends to be biased against species with less hair, such as elephants, and very large bodied prey for which the body surface/volume ratio is smaller than for smaller species [37], and hence the likelihood of predators eating hairs is smaller. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the northern sector of Hwange National Park (Hwange), north-western Zimbabwe, latitudes 1830 and 1950 S and longitudes 2545 and 2730 E. The study area covers c. 7554 km2 of dystrophic woodland savanna. Jacobss indices based on kills also revealed that female lions showed also a preference for kudu, medium Bovidae and Suidae in all seasons (Fig. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. 1). The importance of buffalo was more pronounced for male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [39]. 1). These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. Mambele residents have been drinking from this never-drying source for as long as the local residents can remember. Southern Africa Groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality. Boreholes are between 60 and 200 m deep (UN 1988). This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). During the study period, adult male and female lions were sighted together in only 7% of the sightings (n=1710). spesification
Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Further north, flows are continuous all year round, with only one peak flood (i.e., Sanaga and Wouri). Three male and eight female lions from different coalitions and prides, instrumented with GPS Simplex and TELUS radio-collars (approximate weights: female 900 g, male 950 g; Televilt Positioning AB, Lindesberg, Sweden; see [23] for details), were studied. e55182. We used data from 74 faecal samples. Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture, much of it at subsistence scale with surplus produce sold in local markets. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. We then converted the frequency of occurrence into biomass estimates using the average adult male and female mass (from [1], [34]). The main aquifer in this basin is formed of unconsolidated Pliocene (Tertiary)-Quaternary sands, which form an upper and a lower aquifer, separated by a clay layer. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. Shallow coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion. In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. Nonetheless, kill investigations revealed that elephant is an important prey species, contributing 23% and 20% of biomass to male and female lion diet respectively. Volcanic massifs from the Adamaoua to the Atlantic. We're sorry. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected zone around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. In Douala, studies have shown nitrate pollution (Wirmvem et al. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. Andrew J. Loveridge, With the help of hydrology experts and in support of the kenya wildlife service, we have drilled 32 boreholes, including 29 boreholes in the tsavo conservation area. Tsavo National Park - Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Here we investigate potential seasonality in the diet, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Cameroon's national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). We used data from 245 kills and 74 faecal samples. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. For more information see the climate resource page. They fill small basins at the base of trees or or in natural depressions in the landscape with rainwater or snow melt. Water sources are also considered crucial in lion habitat selection in the Serengeti [47] and thought to act as passive traps for ungulates in the Kruger ecosystem [5], [48]. Here, we used a combination of the two approaches to provide the most complete description of lion diet in Hwange National Park, an approach that has already proved very useful for large carnivore diet in other systems [3][4], [38]. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. 2017) and organic pollution (Sanou et al. For males, buffalo was followed by the class medium Bovidae (11%) - class dominated by sable and wildebeest for kill data -, elephant (9%) and zebra (8%), together accounting for 84% of the prey detected (Table 1). Values>0 indicate preference, values<0 suggest use but avoidance. They typically form small, local aquifers, limited to areas where the rock has been fractured and weathered to increase its permeability. We arbitrarily assigned the average adult female weight, with the exception of elephant as predominantly juveniles are preyed upon in dry periods [19], for each sample to allow a crude comparison with kill data. Proportional prey selection did not differ significantly between seasons neither for males (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=10.17, df=7, p=0.18; Friedman 2early dry-wet=9.57, df=7, p=0.21; Friedman 2late dry-wet=11.70, df=7, p=0.11), nor for females even though results approached significance level (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=12.95, df=7, p=0.07; Friedman 2early dry-wet=11.67, df=7, p=0.11; Friedman 2late dry-wet=12.45, df=7, p=0.08). What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021 Subscribe to the texas a&m today newsletter for the latest news and stories every week. Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. In semi-arid ecosystems, herbivore distribution is generally more homogeneous in the wet season, when surface water is abundant, than in the dry season when only permanent sources remain. Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. Some - eg Mamf - contain evaporites. Tsavo. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. "An average of 300 people depend on the water source," says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. 62% of elephants were taken in 2005, which was a drought year (rainfall: 330 mm), concurring with increasing relative contribution of elephant to lion kills in the late dry season and peak contribution in the wet season (due to many kills in November before the first rains). The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. Groundwater quality is generally good. For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. Windhoek This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. Bold dashed lines indicate means. Sightings of Lion in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors. This is the equivalent of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue basin in Nigeria (Mafany and Fantong 2006). The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). spesification
Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal Small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous. Your email address will not be published. 2015) of groundwater. and common mice (Mus spp.). David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: Copyright: 2013 Davidson et al. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. 2009). 2). Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. 1. These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*. 2). Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this.! Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabweabout school : Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021. The access rate to fresh water is still low and far from the millennium's goal target (43,9%); the rate of water sanitation and hygiene is worse (36%). Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. Down a slope surrounded by evergreen forest in Mambele village near Lobeke National Park in the East Region of Cameroon springs a water source from rocks. Lions get their water like most other savanna mammals, relying on watering holes and temporary pools to hydrate. They rely on some of the Kalahari's plants that have also adapted to the dry conditions and either store water or have mechanisms to prevent excess water loss. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. Vassolo S. 2012. (2013) Seasonal Diet and Prey Preference of the African Lion in a Waterhole-Driven Semi-Arid Savanna. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. 1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics. Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin.
Spinal Stenosis With Degenerative Disc Disease Icd 10,
Articles C